Chapter 3
CONCLUSIONS
The Big
Bang,
the standard model of modern cosmology, rises historically from the discovery
by Hubble of the redshifts coming from the remote galaxies. Interpreted in
recession of the galaxies, these redshifts generated the concepts of expansion
of the universe, primordial explosion and origin of the universe. The
astrophysicists and cosmologists, experimenters and theorists, sought the
evidence of the model. The primordial nucleosynthesis, the Cosmic Microwave
Background and the redshifts became the pillars of the model. Then the theory
of inflation tried to answer the serious problems which arose for the standard
model of Big Bang.
In the credible
absence of alternative to Big Bang, this one is triumphant.
It suffers nevertheless, as we tried to show it in the preceding chapters, of
many and serious observational and theoretical discordances. It rests,
actually, on a fragile basis, the interpretation of the fact of the redshifts
in recession of the galaxies. The temporalist model proposes a different
interpretation from the redshifts which makes the major
part of the difficulties from the model of Big Bang disappear.
We briefly will
point out the problems and the discordances of the model of Big Bang below.
1) Why does the
expansion start beyond the Milky Way and not below ?
2) The most
current value which is closer to the constant of Hubble Ho, would be, after
decades of observations and corrections, to 72 Km/sec/Mpc. The corresponding
value, derived from constant To of the temporalist model, theoretically
established in 1962, is 67,71 Km/sec/Mpc. The last data given by
WMAP5 ( 2008) made it possible to fix
the value of the constant Ho of Hubble at 68 Km/sec/Mpc what well
confirms the temporalist value of Ho is 67,71 Km/sec/Mpc.
3) Contrary to
the cosmological principle, the universe seems to be not homogeneous:
filaments, clusters and super clusters of galaxies, great walls, large voids,
etc…
4) The problems
of the horizon, the flat universe and the magnetic monopolies find solution
only thanks to the assumption of inflation, highly speculative.
5) Which are the
causes of the primordial explosion? What was there before? What is the origin
of time and space?
6) The model of
inflation, conceived to mitigate the great difficulties of the model of Big
Bang is an assumption of speculative nature, without experimental base, which
extrapolates, in a considerable way and arbitrarily, the laws of physics. It is
an ad hoc assumption.
7) Inflation
does not have a well-known cause.
8) The existence
of the cosmological constant,, challenged by Einstein
and implied by the model of inflation, remains a pure assumption.
9) The weakness
of the anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation cannot account
for the importance, early after the Big Bang, of the great structures of the
universe.
10) The
prediction of the Cosmic Microwave Background by many researchers is former to
the model of Big Bang and that of Gamow which rested on false bases.
11) The
primordial nucleosynthesis suffers from many difficulties: baryon density
observed not in conformity with the forecasts, problems of 7Lithium and the
abundance of 2Deuterium.
12) The
observations of the density of the universe, favorable to a flat universe lead
to an age of the universe of 9 billion years. This age is incompatible with the
age deduced from the observation of the radioactive elements (from 11,5 to 17,5
of billion years), of the oldest globular clusters (between 16 and 17 billion
years) and of the supernova 97 FF (of 10 billion years) located in a populated
galaxy of old stars.
13) The observed
density of the universe is much lower than the critical density necessary for a
flat universe.
14) The structures on a large scale of the universe are not the fruit of chance. They
reflect a periodicity like that of a chess-board. Why?
15) The
existence of galaxies clusters, at an age between 2 and 7 billion years after
the Big Bang is incompatible with the theoretical predictions of Big Bang and
the very low anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
16) The
existence of the big cosmic voids in the universe is in contradiction with the
inflation model and the Cosmic Microwave Background.
As one can note
it, the apparent solidity of the arguments in favour of the model of Big Bang
seems, with the analysis, much more fragile than a surface examination could be
supposed from. The long list of the problems arising from the model of Big Bang
and of its prolongation, the inflation model, that we have just enumerated,
testify to the inadequacy of this model with the facts and its absence of
theoretical coherence.
The temporalist
model, proposed by the author, endeavours to answer to the various problems that the model of Big Bang does not
solve.
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